Ports are considered hot zones for air pollution, ranging from particulate matter, greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and other byproducts of diesel combustion from port trucks, vessels, cargo handling equipment and harbor craft. People living near ports tend to suffer more from respiratory ailments and premature deaths, according to researchers. Many ports have implemented clean air strategies to improve health for nearby residents, as well as workers.
A recent study in the American Journal of Public Health showed that almost 41 million people living near ports have the potential to be exposed to elevated levels of air pollution and that population is over-represented by minorities and low-income residents.
EPA officials say they want to work with industry stakeholders and local communities to sustain economic growth generated by ports while protecting communities from the health impacts of diesel engines used to power industrial equipment and conveyances.
“Ports are the main gateway for U.S. trade and are critical to our country’s economic growth, yet the communities surrounding ports face serious environmental challenges,” EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said in a statement. “Today, we demonstrate that through collaboration and innovation, we can achieve the goals of economic growth and environmental stewardship.”
The EPA is embarking on the creation of a Port Recognition Program, with outside input, to develop performance metrics for different parts of port operations and incentivize port authorities to engage in best practices for reducing air pollution through public recognition and other means, Deputy Administrator Bob Perciasepe said at a Port Stakeholders Summit in Baltimore. The effort will expand at some point to other areas of environmental management, such as water quality and waste disposal, he added.
One of the EPA’s new priorities is reducing emissions in areas with high exposure to particulate matter, such as ports and freight hubs. Previously, the EPA has worked on reducing harmful emissions and greenhouse gases at ports through the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act clean diesel grants program and the SmartWay Drayage program. SmartWay is a collaboration between trucking companies and shippers to improve fuel efficiency and curb air pollution by measuring transportation-related emissions and using innovative technologies and processes. Shippers in the program commit to book a certain percentage of their freight with SmartWay carriers.
The new initiative borrows from SmartWay, but attempts to holistically deal with the ports as complex clusters of activity in a certain location whereas SmartWay deals with sustainable operations along a route.
The EPA suggests port authorities and terminal operators can promote sustainable practices in multiple ways, including establishing anti-idling policies for trucks, locomotives and cargo handling equipment; expanding off-peak hours to reduce congestion; developing education programs for customers and vendors to implement emission reduction strategies; and substituting electric for diesel power.
Meanwhile, six port authorities split $4.2 million in DERA grants to retrofit, replace or repower diesel engines. It is the first time that DERA awards have been dedicated to ports. A requests for proposals was issued in December. Applicants for the competitive grants were selected based on having projects that maximized public health benefits in areas with poor air quality, involved multiple partners and positively impacted local communities, Chris Grundler, director of EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air Quality, said at a ceremony in Baltimore.
Several grants are aimed to helping independent owner-operators transition to clean diesel equipment, which is much more expensive than older, used trucks they typically are accustomed to purchasing to make ends meet.
Trucks made in 1994 or before emit about 60-times more particulate matter than 2007 EPA-compliant engines, which burn ultra-low sulfur fuel and have diesel particulate filters or other emissions technology.
Congress authorized the DERA program for supporting clean diesel projects in 2005, but did not start funding the program until 2008. DERA appropriations have declined from a high of $60 million in fiscal years 2009 and 2010, to $50 million in fiscal year 2011, $29.9 million in fiscal year 2012 and $19.9 million in fiscal year 2013. This year, the program received $20 million, but President Obama’s fiscal year 2015 budget proposal eliminates all funding. Government affairs specialists expect Congress to fund DERA when it passes an EPA appropriation bill because the program is popular with certain lawmakers, as well as industry and environmental groups.
Thirty percent of DERA funding is earmarked for states to support clean diesel programs of their own. The EPA last year awarded $9 million to states and provided about $2 million for certain rebates, but held back more than $4 million while it considered a specific sector to target for additional help.
Grant recipients were:
- Maryland Port Administration – $750,000 to provide incentives for truckers to replace 35 pre-1997 model year drayage trucks serving the Port of Baltimore with ones powered by 2010 or newer engines. Local sponsors are pitching in $650,000 of their own. Fifty dray trucks have been replaced since the start of the program two years ago to provide up to $20,000 for each eligible vehicle that meets or exceeds the EPA’s 2007 engine standard, according to the MPA’s website. Initial funding came from the MPA, the Maryland Department of Transportation and the EPA. The program is administered by the Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association and the University of Maryland Environmental Finance Center.
- Virginia Port Authority – $750,000 to replace three aging straddle carriers with Tier 4 low-emission, hybrid diesel-electric shuttle carriers at the Port of Virginia. The grant leverages another $2.7 million from the port. The older pieces of cargo handling equipment will be recycled. Tier 4 engines are the cleanest-running diesel engines available for off-road applications. Tier 4 standards require that certain emissions be reduced by as much as 90 percent through the use of control technologies, including advanced exhaust-gas after treatment.
- City of Los Angeles Harbor Department – $469,000 to retrofit 14 pieces of cargo handling equipment with diesel particulate filters at the Port of Los Angeles. The project is estimated to reduce emissions of particulate matter by 85 percent and carbon by 90 percent. Los Angeles is designated as an extreme area for non-attainment of ozone standards.
- Port of Tacoma – $600,000 to repower a Tier 0 switcher locomotive with a Tier 3+ engine equipped with an automatic start-stop system to reduce idling by up to 50 percent. The port is contributing $900,000 to the effort.
- The Port of Seattle – $1.2 million for the second round of the port’s truck replacement program will provide incentives to replace 40 older, heavy-duty drayage trucks with ones powered by 2010 or newer EPA certified engines. The port authority is offering $30,000 per truck because the 2010 models are more expensive than the 2007 model year trucks. Three years ago, Seattle met its initial target of eliminating all trucks with pre-1994 engines. It helped eliminate more than 270 of the most-polluting trucks by offering incentives of up to $5,000 per truck, or the Blue Book value, whichever was greater. Starting in May, the port will separately offer up to $20,000 to truck owners to replace about 180 older model trucks with model-year 2007 or newer engines by mid-2015, or until funds are depleted. Money for those trucks is coming from the U.S. Department of Transportation and the Washington State Department of Ecology. By 2018, all drayage trucks entering the port will be required to have model-year 2007 or newer engines, or meet 2007 federal emission standards. Earlier this month, the Port of Seattle received a Clean Air Excellence Award from the EPA for its multi-layered program to improve air quality.
- Port Hueneme (Calif.) – $500,000 toward a $2.2 million project to complete electrification of Wharf 1 and provide shore power at all three berths to eliminate vessels running auxiliary engines on diesel fuel. The entire project cost $13 million, the bulk of which was paid for by the port commission. The EPA has designated Ventura County as a serious non-attainment area for ozone. The port conducted its first operational and safety vessel test of the shore power system earlier this month. Hamburg Süd’s M/V Cap Pasley, carrying fresh fruit for Chiquita Brands, was the initial vessel to plug into the electric station. Testing is key to helping ship operators and longshoremen become familiar with operating the gear. In December, the port successfully tested the system’s ability to provide a steady, high-voltage load for powering vessels at berth. Retrofitted vessels are scheduled to plug in for the first time to the port’s other two shore-side power units on April 23. Under California statute, container, cruise and refrigerated cargo vessels are required to reduce at-berth emissions in mid- 2014 by either turning off auxiliary engines and connecting to another power source or using alternative technology to clean emissions to required levels. Anticipated benefits include a 92-percent reduction in particulate matter, 98-percent reduction in nitrous oxide and a 55-percent reduction in greenhouse gases. Contributions for the project also came from the California Air Resources Board with funds ($4.5 million) from Proposition 1B, the Ventura County Air Quality Control District and other sources.
